Power supply

[A power supply] : is a device that 'supplies electrical energy' {to} 'one' {or} 'more electric loads' | The term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of 'electrical energy' to another | though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of 'energy' .. "[e.g.] mechanical| chemical| solar" to 'electrical energy' | [A regulated power supply] : is one that controls the [output voltage] or [current to a specific value] | 'the controlled value' is held nearly constant despite variations in either load current [or] 'the voltage supplied' by [the power supply's energy source]|

"Every power supply" must obtain 'the energy' it supplies to its load | as well as any 'energy' it consumes while performing that task | from an 'energy source' | Depending on its design | 'a power supply' may obtain [energy from]:-

1-[Electrical energy transmission systems] [Common examples of this include 'power supplies'] that convert [AC line voltage] to [DC voltage]..
2-[Energy storage devices] such as 'batteries' [and] 'fuel cells'...
3-Electromechanical systems such as generators [and] alternators.
3-[Solar power]..

['A power supply' may be implemented as a discrete] 'stand-alone device' [or] as 'an integral device' that is hardwired to its load... [In the latter case] "for example" {low voltage DC power supplies' are commonly integrated with their loads in devices such as 'computers' and 'household electronics'}.

[Commonly specified 'power supply' attributes include]

1-["The amount of voltage" and "current" it can supply to its load]
2-[How stable its 'output voltage' or 'current' is under 'varying line' and 'load conditions']
3-[How long it can 'supply energy' {without} 'refueling' or 'recharging' {applies to 'power supplies' that employ 'portable energy sources'}]


[Power supplies types]
"Power supplies" for 'electronic devices' can be broadly divided into [line-frequency] {or} [conventional] and [switching power supplies] | 'The line-frequency supply' is usually a relatively simple design | [but] it becomes 'increasingly bulky' and 'heavy' for 'high-current equipment' due to the need for 'large mains-frequency transformers' {and} 'heat-sinked electronic regulation circuitry' | 'Conventional line-frequency power supplies' are sometimes called {linear} [but] that is a misnomer 'because the conversion from {AC} voltage to {DC} is inherently non-linear when the rectifiers feed into capacitive reservoirs' | ['Linear voltage regulators produce' regulated 'output voltage' by means of an active 'voltage divider' that consumes energy] | {thus making efficiency low} 'A switched-mode supply of the same rating as 'a line-frequency supply' will be smaller | is usually more efficient | {but} will be more "complex"

Processors

Central processing unit

The central processing unit [CPU] is the portion of 'a computer system' that carries out the instructions of 'a computer program' | to perform the basic arithmetical | logical | and {input/output} 'operations of the system' | [The CPU] plays a role somewhat 'analogous' to [the brain in the computer] | The term has been in use in 'the computer industry' at least since the early {1960s} , [The form] design and implementation of [CPUs] have changed [dramatically] since the earliest examples . but their 'fundamental operation' remains much the same.

[On large machines] {CPUs} require (one [or] more) "printed circuit boards" | On 'personal computers' and 'small workstations' | {the CPU} is housed in a single 'chip' [called] [a microprocessor] | {Since the 1970s} [the microprocessor] class of [CPUs] has almost completely overtaken all other [CPU] implementations | [Modern CPUs] are 'large scale integrated circuits in small' | rectangular packages | with multiple connecting pins |

'Two typical components' of [a CPU] are the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) | which 'performs arithmetic' and 'logical operations' | and [the control unit (CU)] | which extracts instructions from 'memory' and 'decodes' and 'executes them' | calling on the ALU when necessary ...

[Not all] 'computational systems rely on a central processing unit' | [An array processor] or [vector processor] has [multiple parallel computing elements] | with no one unit considered the [center]| {In the distributed computing model} problems are "solved by" ['a distributed interconnected set of processors']

Motherboards

[In personal computers] 'a motherboard' is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many 'modern computers' and holds many of the crucial components of the system | providing connectors | for other peripherals | [The motherboard] is sometimes alternatively known as {the mainboard} | {system board} | or \ (on Apple computers) | "the logic board"

[Prior to the advent of the microprocessor] | 'a computer' was usually built in a card-cage case |or| mainframe with 'components' connected by a back-plane consisting of a set of 'slots' themselves {connected with wires} | in 'very old designs' {the wires} were discrete connections between "card connector pins" | but 'printed circuit boards' soon became 'the standard practice' | [The Central Processing Unit] | "memory" and "peripherals" were housed on 'individual printed circuit boards' which plugged into the back-plane|

"During the late" {1980s & 1990s} it became 'economical' to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the 'motherboard' | In the late 1980s | [motherboards] began to include "single ICs" [called Super I/O chips] capable of supporting a set of low-speed peripherals/ [keyboard|mouse|floppy disk drive|serial ports|and 'parallel ports'| As of the late {1990s} |  many personal "computer motherboards" supported a full range of [audio|video|storage|and 'networking functions' without the need for any "expansion cards" at all "higher-end systems" for '3D gaming' and 'computer graphics' typically retained only the "graphics card" as a separate component |

The early 'pioneers' of "motherboard manufacturing" were 'Micronics' | Myles |AMI|DTK|Hauppauge|Orchid Technology|Elitegroup|DFI| and a number of "Taiwan-based manufacturers" |

"The most popular computers" such as the 'Apple II' and 'IBM PC' had published 'schematic diagrams' and other documentation which 'permitted rapid reverse-engineering' and {third-party replacement motherboards} | [Usually] intended for building new 'computers' compatible with the exemplars | many 'motherboards' offered "additional performance" [or] other features and were used to upgrade 'the manufacturer's original equipment'

The term 'mainboard' is applied to devices with 'a single board' and no additional expansions [or] capability | In modern terms this would include 'embedded systems' and 'controlling boards' in [televisions] | 'washing machines'.. etc  | 'A motherboard specifically' refers to [a printed circuit board with expansion capability]

| Graphics Cards | ati / video card | Graphics Cards | video adapter | what is graphics

A video card | video adapter | graphics accelerator card | display adapter | or "graphics card" is ( an expansion card ) which generates { output images } to a display | Most video cards | offer | added functions ( such as ) "accelerated rendering" of "3D scenes" and "2D graphics" | video capture | TV-tuner adapter | MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding | FireWire | light pen | TV output | or the ability to connect multiple monitors "multi-monitor" | Other modern high performance "video cards" are used for more graphically demanding purposes, such as ( PC games )."

Video hardware : is often integrated into the "motherboard" | however all "modern motherboards" provide expansion ports to which " a video card " can be attached. In this configuration it is sometimes referred to as "a video controller" or "graphics controller" |  Modern low-end to mid-range "motherboards" often include 'a graphics chipset' developed by the developer of 'the northbridge' | i.e. an nForce chipset | with 'Nvidia graphics' or 'an Intel chipset' with "Intel graphics" on the 'motherboard' | 'This graphics chip' usually has a small quantity of embedded memory and takes some of the system's main | RAM | reducing the total 'RAM' available | This is usually called "integrated graphics" or "on-board graphics" | and is low-performance and undesirable for those wishing to run ( 3D applications ) "A dedicated graphics card" on the other hand has its own (RAM) and (Processor) specifically for "processing video images" | and thus offloads this work from the 'CPU' and 'system RAM' | Almost all of these 'motherboards' allow the disabling of (the integrated graphics chip) in (BIOS) | and have an 'AGP' |  'PCI' | or "PCI Express slot" for adding a "higher-performance graphics card" in place of the 'integrated graphics'

[ Video In Video Out] [ VIVO ] for [ S-Video ] [ Composite video ] and [ Component video

Included to allow the connection with "televisions" | "DVD players" | video recorders | and "video game consoles" | They often come in two (10-pin mini-DIN connector variations) | and 'the VIVO splitter cable' generally comes with either '4 connectors' { S-Video in and out & composite video in and out )  or ( 6 connectors ) (S-Video in and out & component PB out & component PR out & component Y out (also composite out) + composite in.

 ATI Technologies Inc. was a semiconductor technology corporation based in Markham, Ontario, Canada, that specialized in the development of graphics processing units and chipsets. Founded in 1985 as Array Technologies Inc., the company became publicly traded in 1993 and was acquired by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) in 2006. As a major fabless semiconductor company, ATI conducted in-house research and development and outsourced the manufacturing and assembly of its products. ATI and its chief rival Nvidia emerged as the two dominant players in the graphics processors industry, eventually forcing other manufacturers into niche roles.

The acquisition of [ ATI ] in (2006) was important to[  AMD's strategic development ] of its Fusion generation of [ computer processors ] which integrate general processing abilities with [graphics processing functions] within 'a single chip' | The ATI brand name was discontinued from [AMD's graphics processor products in 2010[

{History}

[ Lee Ka Lau] & [ Benny Lau ] and [ Kwok Yuen Ho ] founded 'ATI' in 1985 as 'Array Technologies Incorporated' | Working primarily in the 'OEM' field  'ATI produced integrated graphics cards' for [PC manufacturers] such as [IBM] and [Commodore] | By 1987. 'ATI' had grown into an [independent graphics-card retailer] | introducing 'EGA Wonder' and 'VGA Wonder graphics card' product lines under its brand that year | In May 1991| the company released the Mach8 | 'ATI's first product able to process graphics without the CPU' | Debuting in 1992 | the Mach32 offered improved 'memory bandwidth' and 'GUI acceleration performance' | 'ATI Technologies Inc' | went public in 1993 with stock listed at "NASDAQ" and "Toronto"

what is internet shopping

shopping from internet is very fast and safe way to find any product from any country in this world

any one can shopping closes and foods by internet every one can sell his product to any person in the world .. shopping on internet increased every day because its the open market to all you need

 (example)

{ internet shopping for clothes }

to shopping clothes from internet you can find alot of markets from any place in the world .. you can see alot of clothes on internet and if you prefer any of them you can pay the price online and clothes come to your house in fast hours.. pay for shopping in internet with credit card ( Visa Card ) - shopping is easy with internet you can sell and shop and thing by interner markets.

online internet shopping : is the process of | buying goods | &| services | from " merchants " who sell on the Internet | Since the emergence of the World Wide Web | merchants | have sought to sell their " products " to people who surf the Internet | "Shoppers" can visit web stores from the comfort of their homes and shop as they sit in front of the computer .

In contrast | online shopping | helps consumers avoid these disadvantages | With | online shopping | a person logs onto the Internet | visits the store's website | and chooses the items she desires. The items are held in ( a virtual shopping cart ) until she is ready to make her purchase | "The shopper" can remain in her pajamas as she does her | shopping | and the process can be conducted in the wee hours of the morning or late into the night | Online stores | never close they're open 24 hours a day

Many people choose to conduct | shopping online | because of the convenience. For example.. when a person "shops" at (a brick-and-mortar store) she has to drive to the store | find a parking place | and walk throughout the store until she locates the products she needs | After finding the items she wants to purchase | she may often need to stand in long lines at the cash register. .

Consumers "buy" a variety of items from "online stores" ( In fact ) people can purchase just about anything from companies that provide their "products online" ( Books + clothing + household appliances + toys + hardware + software + and health insurance are just some of the hundreds of products consumers can buy from an "online store".

 . 

Another reason | some consumers avoid | shopping online | is the fact that they worry that the products they purchase are not accurately portrayed in the website's picture | They worry that the picture of the item may appear one way | but the actual item may look completely different  perhaps of lesser quality. It's also impossible to try on apparel when conducting | online shopping |.